Exercise 2. Building a Base Map

CE 394K GIS in Water Resources
University of Texas at Austin
Fall 2002

Prepared by Kristina Schneider, David R. Maidment, and Oscar Robayo

Goals of the Exercise

This exercise is intended for you to build a base map of geographic and streamflow data for a watershed using the Guadalupe Basin in South Texas as an example. The base map comprises watershed boundaries from the US Geological Survey's Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) coverage and streams from the US Environmental Protection Agency's River Reach File 1 (RF1) coverage. A geodatabase is created to hold all these primary data layers and creating relationships inside the geodatabase is also illustrated. In addition, you will create a point Feature Class of stream gage sites by inputting latitude and longitude values for the gages in an Excel table that is added to ArcMap and the geodatabase. The table is used to create an XY Event and a Point Feature Class. You also compare the locations of the Guadalupe basin surface boundaries, and the Edwards aquifer subsurface boundaries.  You’ll link to the US Geological Survey's Real Time data website in Texas, download some streamflow data and make a plot of a flow hydrograph from a gaging site on the Guadalupe Basin.

Computer and Data Requirements

To complete this exercise, you'll need to run ArcGIS 8 from a PC.

The HUC boundaries are a subdivision of the US made by the US Geological Survey to show major and minor river basins. There are 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-digit HUC boundaries, where the larger the number is the smaller the area. The HUC8 boundaries are the basic ones. Each of the 21 Hydrologic Regions in the US are shown below and for this exercise we will focus on Water Resources Region 12, which contains most of Texas.

The HUC and RF1 coverages for the United States can be downloaded over the internet:

Hydrologic Cataloging Unit description http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc.html
Get the HUC coverages by 2-digit water resource region http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?huc250k

Enhanced River Reach File 1 http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?erf1
Get the RF1 data by two-digit water resource region ftp://water.usgs.gov/pub/dsdl/

It seems that using Wsftp to ftp://water.usgs.gov/pub/dsdl/ works a lot faster for downloading data than trying to do it through a web browser.

Procedure for the Assignment

Logon to the computer of your choice and make a directory in your workspace for this exercise. I've saved the needed files in the LRC class directory (Civil5/LRC/Class/Maidment/giswr/guadalupe/). They may also be downloaded as guadalupe.zip.

The files we'll use are:

Rf1_12.e00, huc12_250k.e00, Edwards shape file, hucname.dbf, and rf1name.dbf

The first two files are in Arc/Info interchange file format, as indicated by the .e00 so you will need to import them using the Import from Interchange file tool in ArcToolbox as you will learn. The last two files are tables with complementary information for your layers.

Creating a Geodatabase

ArcInfo 8 has introduced a new object-oriented data model called the geodatabase data model. This data model gives the features in your GIS datasets custom behaviors and the possibility to create relationships between features. In general, a geodatabase model provides a standardized framework into which various types of data can be loaded. Once created, the geodatabase is a Microsoft Access file called an ArcGIS personal geodatabase. When browsing with ArcCatalog a geodatabase appears as a cylinder like figure (ArcHGuad.mdb in the example below), the overlapping squares represent the Feature Dataset (ArcHydro in the example below), and the square objects in the right window represent the Feature Classes.

To start creating the basis for the ArcHydro data model we are going to generate a personal geodatabase by doing the following:

Open ArcCatalog. Right click on the data folder, press New / Personal Geodatabase. Call the new geodatabase Guadalupe.

Get the Stream and Watershed Data for Water Resources Region 12

(1) Open ArcToolbox

(2) Select Conversion Tools/Import to Coverage/Import from Interchange File.

Navigate to the location of the Input file Rf1_12.e00. Then indicate where the output coverage should be located (your data folder) and what it should be called. When importing rf1_12.e00, name the resulting coverage rf1reg12.  Be careful to give the full pathname for the Output dataset.  Don’t just give the name of the output file and assume that it will be put into the same location as where the input file comes from.   If you don’t do this, what will have happen is that the imported coverage will be saved somewhere to a default directory location but you don’t know where it is located.

Press OK. Don't worry if processing takes a while, the file is rather large.

(3) Repeat the process with the huc250k.e00 file. When you import huc_250k.e00, name the resulting coverage hucreg12.   This is how the result looks in Windows Explorer.  The geospatial data files defining the drainage areas and rivers are in the hucreg12 and rf1reg12 folders, respectively, and the attribute tables for both coverages are in the Info folder.  Notice that while the geospatial files for each coverage are held separately, their attribute tables are merged into single folder.  This means that whenever you wish to copy coverages from one place to another in your workspace, you need to use the Arc Catalog Edit/Copy to copy the coverage rather than just using Copy in Windows Explorer.

Here is how the files appear in Arc Catalog.  Notice how in this view, all the tables in the Info folder are shown explicitly and you don’t see the Info folder itself.  Whenever you wish to copy coverages from one place to another in your workspace, you need to use the Arc Catalog Edit/Copy to copy the coverage rather than just using Copy in Windows Explorer.

Importing data into the Geodatabase

(1)   Now, you will import the created coverages for the Region 12 into the Guadalupe geodatabase. Right-click on your geodatabase and press Import / Coverage to Geodatabase as shown below.

 

 

You will be importing the two existing coverages.  First, you must navigate your data folder in the Input coverage box. Choose first the hucreg12 coverage, since this file has the largest extent and the geodatabase will adopt the spatial reference of the first imported feature class. Type in Basemap as the name for your new feature dataset and hucreg12 as the name of the new feature class.

 

 

 

Repeat the above process to input the rf1reg12 coverage. Select the existing feature dataset Basemap and rf1reg12 as the name of this feature class.

 

Selecting the Guadalupe Basin Watersheds

The imported Hucreg12 and Rf1reg12 feature classes cover a large region and we only want to work in the Guadalupe Basin. We'll use ArcMap to identify which HUC's cover the Guadalupe Basin and to create new feature classes using pertinent portions of the feature classes for Region 12.

(1) Start up ArcMap and add the Basemap feature dataset to your map document. Recolor the themes as necessary.   You can select a symbol font for “River” to color in the blue line rivers.

(2) Use File/Save As to save the ArcMap document as Ex2.mxd (to save your own customized colors).

(3) Right click on the hucreg12 theme and select Open Attribute Table to bring up the table of its attributes. Scroll across the fields and see the Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC), Region (first 2 digits of HUC), Subregion (second 2 digits of HUC), Basin (or Accounting Unit) (third 2 digits of HUC) and the Subbasin (or Hydro Unit) (fourth 2 digits of HUC).

You’ll see that these HUC watersheds are identified by numbers rather than names.   We have a separate names file hucname.dbf that was prepared from another HUC coverage that we’ll use to attach names to the HUC polygons.

(5) Hit the Add Data button  and in the dialog box that appears, select the hucname.dbf table. The table hucname is added to your map.  We’ll join this table to the HUC attributes so that we can identify the HUC watersheds by name.  This names file contains the names of all the 2156 HUCs in the continental United States.  We don’t need all of these, just the names for the HUCs in region 12, but you can replicate this exercise elsewhere in the country later with this same names file if you want to name the HUC’s in that region.

(6) Right Click on the hucreg12 layer in Arc Map and select Joins and Relates/Join....  What you are doing here is associating corresponding records in the two tables using HUC as the key field values that they have in common.

(7) Select the attribute HUC for question 1. For the second question, browse for the hucname.dbf table since it is not a layer in the map and therefore will not be automatically recognized. Again, for the third question select the HUC common attribute. Click OK.

Voila!!  Now we have a Name attribute on the Attributes of Hucreg12 table so that it is easier to understand what river basin we are in.

Lets recolor the HUC’s by subregion to get some sense of the river basin organization within Region 12. You do this using the Symbology tab under layer Properties. Right Click on the layer and select Properties. Under Show in the same box choose select Categories/Unique Values, select hucreg12.SUBREGION as the value field to be symbolized, press Apply. Finally, press Add all values.

Location of the Guadalupe River Basin

If you use the Information tool  you can click around and get a sense of the names of the river basins and their subunits.  (8) Use the Select button  and visually select the 4 HUC units in the Guadalupe basin.   Hold down the shift key so that you can select more than one at a time.  Open the layer attribute table and press the Selected button. This will show you the items you have selected. You will see that the Guadalupe Basin is comprised of four sub-basins, the Upper [huc=12100201] , Middle [huc = 12100202] and Lower Guadalupe [huc = 12100204] basins and the San Marcos basin [huc = 12100203] selected above and below.


(9) Make sure that Arc Catalog is closed or the next steps won’t work.  In ArcMap, Right Click on hucreg12 and select Data/Export Data ... to produce a new theme.   If you get a message saying you can’t do this, it means that you haven’t shut down Arc Catalog before trying the data export.  Close Arc Catalog and repeat the export steps if this happens.

Browse inside your geodatabase to the Basemap Feature dataset, name this new feature class as Watershed and save it in the geodatabase as a Personal Geodatabase feature class.   Don’t save it as a Shapefile, which is the default option you are first presented with.

The program will automatically convert only the selected features. Note: By assigning Arc Hydro standard names like Watershed to your feature classes it will be easier to apply the capabilities of the ArcHydro data model as you will see later in this class (See page 32 on Arc Hydro book for standards).

You will be prompted to whether add this theme to the Map, click Yes. Notice the Watershed Feature Class looks identical to the earlier hucreg12 feature class selection for the Guadalupe basin. But the new Watershed class is much smaller. Notice that it carries all the attributes of hucreg12 and the hucname.dbf table that you joined before making the data export.

(10) Use Selection/Clear Selected Features to clear the selections you made from Hucreg12.

Getting the Guadalupe River Reaches

Now we need to select the rivers in rf1reg12 that fall within the Guadalupe Basin.  First, lets give the rivers some names. 

(1) In ArcMap, Right Click on the rf1reg12 layer and select Joins and Relates/Join. Select the field RR (River Reach) for question 1. For the second question, browse for the rf1name.dbf table since it is outside of the geodatabase and therefore will not be automatically recognized. Again, for the third question select the RR attribute. Click OK. 

 (2) Open the attribute table for the rf1reg12 feature class. Click on the Options/Select by Attribute and a dialog will appear. Use the “Create a new selection” Method and double click on the "rf1reg12.HUC6" field. Set this field equal to 121002 (The 6-digit HUC number for Guadalupe).   You'll see that now only the rivers within the Guadalupe River basin are selected.   Notice that you are here selecting features using a query on tabular attributes, whereas in the previous section, you selected features (HUCs) using a graphical query on the map.

 (3) As we did with the selected HUCs, Right Click on rf1reg12 and select Data/Export Data ... to produce a new feature class out of this selection.  Browse inside your geodatabase to the Basemap Feature dataset, name this new feature class as HydroEdge (another standard ArcHydro name) and save it in your geodatabase. You will be prompted to whether add this theme to the Map, click Yes.  

(4) Highlight the hucreg12 and rf1reg12 themes in the legend bar (use Shift when highlighting the second theme). Right click and press Remove to delete them from the Map. From now on, we'll work with the HydroEdge and the Watershed Feature Classes that correspond to our area of interest and to save time in displaying the layers.

(5) Once you've got the Guadalupe Basin displayed, you can right click on the Watershed layer and select Zoom to layer to bring the Guadalupe Basin up to the full extent of the screen. Now you should be able to see the Guadalupe River Basin with all of its major river reaches. 

(6) Open the HydroEdge attribute table. Scroll across to the names of the rivers. PNAME is the name of the river segment.  Use the Select by Attributes interface to select "PNAME" = 'GUADALUPE R' and change the table view to the selected records.  This shows the main channel of the Guadalupe River. The small gap in the center of the basin is the segment where the Guadalupe River flows through Canyon Lake, which is separately identified in the PNAME field.

(7) Right click on the HydroEdge Feature Class and use Data/Export Data to export a new Feature Class with the main channel of the Guadalupe River, name it guadriver, and add that to your map.

(8) Click on the symbol boxes to recolor your map to the form you want it in.   Make a layout of this map, copy it to the clipboard and paste it to a Word file so you can turn it in.

To be turned in: the layout of the Guadalupe Basin streams and watersheds.

(7) Save your ArcMap document, Ex2.mxd.   Exit ArcMap.

Building a Relationship Class inside the Geodatabase

The process of associating fields between feature classes or between feature classes and tables located inside a geodatabase can be done in a more structural and robust way by taking advantage of the Arc Info geodatabase capabilities. Thus, a better alternative (provided you are working from a geodatabase) to associate the HUC numbers in the Hucreg12 feature class with the HUC names in the hucname.dbf table is accomplished by doing the following in ArcCatalog:

(1) Start Arc Catalog. Import the hucname.dbf  table into the geodatabase by doing : From ArcCatalog, right click on the feature dataset Guadalupe.mdb, select Import, Table to Geodatabase, choose the table from the browse window, and press Open.

Now the geodatabase contains the table and the feature class we want to relate and we can now build the relationship class by following the next steps:

(2) Relationship classes are created in a similar fashion to Feature Classes. Right-click on the Feature Dataset Basemap inside the geodatabase containing the Guadalupe data and select New > Relationship Class…

(3) The New Relationship Class Interface will appear. Type in the name of the relationship based on the name of the related features/tables. Select the hucreg12 class under Basemap as the origin table and the hucname table as the destination table, and press Next.

(4) Select the Simple relationship as the type of relationship to be stored.

(5) Select propagation of messages in both directions as shown below.

(6) Select a one to one relationship (one unique name per HUC).

(7) Instruct the interface that no new attributes need to be added to the relationship.

(8) Specify the relationship’s key fields. In this case, the attribute HUC will be the key field for both classes.

(9) Review the criteria for the relationship and press Finish.

The Relationship Class “hucreg12Hashucname” has been added to the geodatabase and now looks as shown below (second object on right window).

(10) Check the created relationship by opening the attribute table of the hucreg12 feature class and select any 4 non adjacent HUCs on the table.

(11) Click on the options button on the lower central part of the table and select Related Tables > hucreg12Hashucname : hucname

(12) The hucname table will automatically appear. Press the Selected Records to look at the associated names for your four selected HUCs.

To be turned in: a layout showing the base map with your four selected HUCs, attribute table for the hucreg12 feature class showing only the 4 Selected Records and the hucname  table showing only the 4 Selected Records.

Creating a Point Feature Class of Stream Gages

Now you are going to build a new Feature Class yourself of stream gage locations on the Guadalupe. I have extracted information from the USGS stream gage data books information about 7 gages on the main stem of the Guadalupe River (there are many other stream gages in this basin): 

Seq# Station#   Name         Longitude   Latitude   Mean Annual
                                                     Flow (cfs)
1    08176500  Victoria      97 00 46 W  28 47 34 N     2095
2    08175800  Cuero         97 19 16 W  29 03 57 N     2094 
3    08168500  New_Braunfels 98 06 35 W  29 42 53 N      552 
4    08167800  Sattler       98 10 47 W  29 51 32 N      464 
5    08167000  Comfort       98 53 33 W  29 58 10 N      215 
6    08166200  Kerrville     99 09 47 W  30 03 11 N      186
7    08165500  Hunt          99 19 17 W  30 04 11 N       81

The location coordinates and flow data for each of the gages was obtained from the USGS Water-Data Report TX-92-3.    It can also be obtained from the USGS NWIS server, as described subsequently in this exercise.

(a) Define a table containing an ID and the long, lat coordinates of the gages

The coordinate data is in geographic degrees, minutes, & seconds. These values need to be converted to digital degrees, so go ahead and perform that computation for the 7 pairs of longitude and latitude values. This is something that has to be done carefully because any errors in conversions will result in the stations lying well away from the Guadalupe River. I suggest that you prepare an Excel table showing the gage longitude and latitude in degrees, minutes and seconds, convert it to long, lat in decimal degrees using the formula

Decimal Degrees (DD) = Degrees + Min/60 + Seconds/3600

Remember that West Longitude is negative in decimal degrees. Shown below is a table that I created. Be sure to format the columns containing the Longitude and Latitude data in decimal degrees (LongDD and LatDD) so that they explicitly have Number format with 4 decimal places using Excel format procedures. Save the file as latlong.dbf as type (DBF4, dBASE IV) in Excel. If you don't explicitly format your decimal degree columns, you'll find that you've lost significant figures after the decimal places when you incorporate the table latlong.dbf into ArcMap. Close Excel before you proceed to ArcMap.

(b) Creating and Projecting a Feature Class of the Gages

(1) Open the ex2.mxd ArcMap document and add the latlong.dbf table created in Excel. Right click on the table and select Display XY Data ..., this will cause a window to appear. The correct X and Y fields are selected by ArcMap (Xfield = LongDD, Yfield = LatDD). Press OK to complete the process of transferring the table to an Event. An event is a point or line that is displayed using coordinates but is NOT an explicit point or line shapefile or feature class.  What you’ve done is actually pretty amazing because ArcMap has recognized that the data you created are in geographic coordinates, and it has automatically projected them to the correct coordinate system (an Albers Equal Area Projection) to place them on the map!!!   In previous versions of ArcInfo and ArcView, this task was a lot more difficult to carry out.

(2) Create a Feature Class out of the XY Event by first right clicking on the latlong Event layer and press Data/Export... to export the data as a Feature Class. Select Basemap as the name of the feature dataset, name the file MonitoringPoint and add it to the Map. The gages are on top of the rivers at the right place!  Again, This is pretty amazing because ArcMap has recognized that the data you created are in geographic coordinates, and it has automatically projected them to the correct coordinate system (an Albers Equal Area Projection) to place them on the map!!!

(3)   Save your ex2.mxd ArcMap document, and construct a layout to turn in.

To be turned in: a layout or screen capture of the MonitoringPoint attribute table with the map.

Add Attributes to the Point Feature Class

Now we are going to add the USGS gage ID, gage name, and annual discharge for each gage as new attributes in ArcCatalog.

(1) Open ArcCatalog and navigate to the Guadalupe geodatabase that contains your data.

(2) Right click on the MonitoringPoint feature class, and click on Properties to open the Feature Class Properties window. Click on the Fields tab and scroll down to the end of the Field Name list. Type the following three entries:

Field Name

Data Type

USGSID

Text

Name

Text

Flow

Long Integer

(3) Click OK and open your ArcMap document ex2.mxd.

Adding Data to the Attribute Table

(1) In ArcMap right click on the MonitoringPoint feature class and open the attribute table. Scroll to the right until you see the new fields you have created. Start editing by selecting Editor/Start Editing.

If the Editing Toolbar is not visible it maybe added by selecting View/Toolbars/Editor.

(2) You may now just add the appropriate data values to the table and for the three attribute fields you added. Continue adding the data values until they are all done.

The following data are needed in the table:

Number    USGSID    Name            Flow 
                                                     
1         08176500  Victoria        2095
2         08175800  Cuero           2094 
3         08168500  New_Braunfels   552 
4         08167800  Sattler         464 
5         08167000  Comfort         215 
6         08166200  Kerrville       186
7         08165500  Hunt            81

(3) Select Editor/Stop Editing to finish editing and say Yes when it asks if you would like to save your edits. Note that you can only edit tables for which you have write permission (i.e. your own tables not tables in my work area).

Labeling the Gages in the View

Now you can use the Name field that you've added as a label for the gages.

(1) Right Click on the MonitoringPoint feature class and select Properties. Click on the Label tab and from the drop down menu select the label field to be Name. Click OK. 

(2) Right click on the MonitoringPoint feature class again and select “Label Features”. You can now create a view like this:



Pretty awesome!

Creating a Chart and Layout

(1) Open ArcMap to create a chart of the mean annual flow of the Guadalupe gages. Open the MonitoringPoint Attributes table file and make a chart using the tools available in ArcMap.   Alternatively, you can export the attribute table to a .dbf file and map the chart in Excel.   You can also open the geodatabase tables directly in Excel by using Data/Get External Data and doing a query on the Microsoft Access file that contains the geodatbase.  The chart may look something like this


(2) In ArcMap prepare a layout showing a map of the drainage area, the graph of its annual flows at each gage and a table of numerical values describing the gages. You can import your Excel chart and worksheet from the Insert/Object... option in ArcMap.  If necessary resize the original chart or table smaller so that it can be displayed in the layout. You'll see in the chart that the flow in the Guadalupe River at Cuero and Victoria is much higher than in the upstream stations. That is because the flow from the San Marcos River joins the Guadalupe upstream of Cuero.


To be turned in: a layout showing the base map, chart and data table for the Guadalupe River flows

Overlaying the Edwards Aquifer

The Edwards aquifer is one of the most critical water resources of Central Texas. It is the main source of water supply for San Antonio, the 10th largest city in the United States. The Edwards aquifer is recharged by infiltration from rivers crossing its outcrop area. To determine where the Guadalupe river crosses, the outcrop area, I obtained a coverage of the Edwards aquifer from the Texas Natural Resource Information System (http://www.tnris.state.tx.us/) by selecting through the menu system: Digital Data, Data Catalog, Water Resources, Ground Water, Major Aquifers where the file Edwards_dd.zip is found. I downloaded this file by logging in to TNRIS using anonymous ftp to: ftp://ftp.tnris.state.tx.us/Water_Resources/Ground_Water/Maj_Aqu_DD/.  Use binary in ftp before downloading files from this area. It seems that you should be able to download this from Netscape but the file displayed on the screen when I did this so I used anonymous ftp to get it directly.

The Edwards aquifer coverage from TNRIS is in Decimal Degree coordinates.  We are using an Albers projection because it preserves earth area. I projected the Edwards coverage to Albers TSMS coordinates. This is the Edwards shapefile that you copied from the zip file at the beginning of the exercise.

(1)   Import your Edwards.shp file into the Guadalupe geodatabase. From ArcCatalog right-click on your geodatabase and press Import/Shapefile to Geodatabase. Navigate your data folder in the Input shapefile box. Choose the Edwards.shp shapefile. Select Basemap as the name of the feature dataset and Aquifer as the name of this new feature class.

(2)   Add the Aquifer feature class to your ex2.mxd map display.

(3)   Right click on the Aquifer feature class and select Properties. Click on its Symbology tab and Label the theme using the attribute Aquifer. This attribute has three values: 1 for outcrop, 2 for downdip and 0 for holes within the outer boundary of the aquifer. Classify the values with Unique Value and color them appropriately.



You'll see that as the Guadalupe River flows South East towards the Gulf Coast and it crosses first the outcrop and then the downdip portions of the Edwards aquifer. The downdip region is where the aquifer dips below the land surface and is shielded from the surface rivers by overlying hydrogeological units of low permeability. The Edwards is a fissured limestone aquifer whose fissures lie along its Southwest to Northeast orientation, so its flow moves in that direction, transverse to the direction of flow in the Guadalupe basin. It is thus quite possible for water to drain from the Guadalupe river into the Edwards aquifer and then reappear as a spring further North in another river, such as Comal springs feeding the Comal river. (3) Zoom in to the region where the aquifer crosses the Guadalupe basin for a closer look.


To be turned in: Between which two gaging stations does the Edwards aquifer outcrop area occur? What is the difference in mean annual flow at these two gages? Comment on these data. Do they seem correct to you?

Downloading USGS Flow Data

There are also other sources of flow data. One of them is real time data via Internet from the U.S. Geological Survey (http://water.usgs.gov/realtime.html).  This data is taken at the gage sites every 15-60 minutes and is transmitted to the USGS office every 1 to 4 hours. This data relayed using satellite, telephone, and/or radio and can be viewed within minutes on arrival to the office. 

(1) Click on the site http://water.usgs.gov/realtime.html. 

(2) Once you have looked around a bit click on Texas on the map of the United States located above. This link will bring you to a web page, which shows real time data for the state of Texas. Scroll down to the Guadalupe River basin and select the station: Guadalupe Rv at Victoria, TX (08176500).

(3) The new page allows you to change your display options with this toolbar

(4) Select your parameter as Discharge, output format as Graph, and Days as 30. Then click on the "Go" button (Retrieving the graph may take awhile). Pretty cool! You can also download tab delineated data from this source so that you can create graphs in Excel.

To be turned in: The graph of flow of the Guadalupe River at Victoria printed from the NWIS website and a graph of the discharge from another of the USGS stations on the Guadalupe River. In ArcMap you can copy this graph into a Layout and add a small map to indicate where the data were measured. Or in Excel, you can copy a map into a graph to show where data were measured. What is the current water condition in the Guadalupe Basin?  Do something cool!

Ok! You're done!

Summary of Items to be Turned in:

 

1. A  layout of the Guadalupe Basin streams and watersheds.

 

2. A layout showing the base map with your four selected HUCs, attribute table for the hucreg12 feature class showing only the 4 Selected Records and the hucname  table showing only the 4 Selected Records.

 

3. A layout or screen capture of the MonitoringPoint attribute table with the map.

 

4. A layout showing the base map, chart and data table for the Guadalupe River flows.

 

5. Between which two gaging stations does the Edwards aquifer outcrop area occur? What is the difference in mean annual flow at these two gages? Comment on these data. Do they seem correct to you?

 

6. The graph of flow of the Guadalupe River at Victoria printed from the NWIS website and a graph of the discharge from another of the USGS stations on the Guadalupe River. In ArcMap you can copy this graph into a Layout and add a small map to indicate where the data were measured. Or in Excel, you can copy a map into a graph to show where data were measured. What is the current water condition in the Guadalupe Basin?  Do something cool!